French past participle agreement
The rule, the three cases and the classic traps (reflexive verbs, object placed before, "laissé + infinitive").
The rule in three cases
| Auxiliary | Agreement |
|---|---|
| être | with the subject |
| avoir | with the direct object if it comes before the verb |
| no auxiliary | like an adjective (with the noun) |
With "être"
Elle est partie. · Ils sont arrivés. · Les fleurs sont fanées.
With "avoir"
- No object before → invariable: Elle a mangé des pommes.
- Object before → agreement: Les pommes qu'elle a mangées.
- Object is "en" → invariable: Des pommes, elle en a mangé.
Reflexive verbs
- Agree with the subject if the pronoun is the direct object: Elle s'est lavée.
- No agreement if the pronoun is indirect: Elle s'est lavé les mains.
- Always invariable: Ils se sont succédé, plu, parlé.
Traps
- fait + infinitive → always invariable: Elle s'est fait couper les cheveux.
- laissé + infinitive → invariable (1990 reform): Elle s'est laissé convaincre.
- Participle followed by an infinitive: agree if the object does the action.
Don't confuse the past participle (-é) with the infinitive (-er)
For first-group French verbs, mentally substitute a third-group verb ("vendre"/to sell, "prendre"/to take): if "vendu" (sold) fits, it's the past participle (-é); if "vendre" (to sell) fits, it's the infinitive (-er).
- Il faut manger (vendre) avant de partir. ("One must eat before leaving") → infinitive
- J'ai mangé (vendu) ce midi. ("I ate at noon") → past participle
This test also works right after a preposition ("pour", "sans", "avant de"…): it's always the infinitive there.
Special case: "ci-joint", "ci-inclus", "étant donné"
- At the start of a sentence or before a noun with no determiner, these stay invariable: Ci-joint la facture.
- Placed after the noun or with a determiner, they agree like an adjective: Vous trouverez les factures ci-jointes.
Past participle of impersonal verbs
Impersonal verbs (falloir/to be necessary, pleuvoir/to rain, and impersonal turns of phrase like il est arrivé) are always invariable in the past participle, even with an apparent direct object before:
Les efforts qu'il a fallu fournir. (never "fallus")
Quick summary table
| Case | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| être + participle | agrees with the subject | Elles sont venues. |
| avoir + object after | invariable | Elle a vu ses amis. |
| avoir + object before | agrees with the object | Les amis qu'elle a vus. |
| reflexive, direct pronoun | agrees with the subject | Elle s'est levée. |
| reflexive, indirect pronoun | invariable | Elle s'est nui. |
| fait/laissé + infinitive | always invariable | Elle s'est fait/laissé voir. |
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